NCDs are a significant risk factor for severe courses of infections such as influenza, respiratory infections, or pneumonia [2, 3, 4]. For example, adults with chronic respiratory, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, renal, or hepatic diseases have a two- to fourfold increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia [5]. Diabetes mellitus is also associated with an increased risk of infections, particularly among older patients with poor glycaemic control [6].
Further, multimorbidity is common in older age: one in four patients over 65 years has at least four chronic conditions [7]. In addition to purely physical multimorbidity, the combination of physical and mental disorders is also associated with an increased risk of patient safety incidents such as infections [8]. This highlights the need to ensure safe processes, especially as disease complexity increases.

