Scrubbing and rubbing

For routine surgical hand preparation alcohol-based handrubs are superior to scrubs because they are equally effective but cause less skin irritation, are cheaper, and use less water.
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Measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline (basic effect).