Scrubbing and rubbing

For routine surgical hand preparation alcohol-based handrubs are superior to scrubs because they are equally effective but cause less skin irritation, are cheaper, and use less water.
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In science, the termn "reference procedure" may have several meanings and is used, for example, for procedures
With regards to disinfectant testing, reference procedures are comparative procedures for evaluating the efficacy of disinfectants in accordance with specified European Norms (EN).
Example: For hand disinfection, the following reference procedures are used: