Scrubbing and rubbing

For routine surgical hand preparation alcohol-based handrubs are superior to scrubs because they are equally effective but cause less skin irritation, are cheaper, and use less water.
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Ethanol is a frequently used active ingredient in alcohol-based hand disinfectants and other products. When indicating the active ingredient content in percent, the additional indication of whether it is mass percent % (w/w) or volume percent % (v/v) is crucial. This is because 80 g ethanol per 100 g product does not correspond to the same content as 80 ml ethanol in 100 ml product. The ethanol content of all HARTMANN products is given in mass percent % (w/w).
The following table compares different ethanol concentrations in volume and mass percent: